In the Huangpu District of downtown Shanghai, an unusual power plant is quietly under construction. It does not build factories, does not burn coal, does not burn gas. It is expected that at the end of this year, it will release about 50,000 kilowatts of electricity during the peak hours of electricity consumption to “cut the peaks and fill the valleyâ€. This Huangpu District commercial building virtual power plant, which is written in the “13th Five-Year Plan†of Shanghai Power Development and is composed of a large number of distributed energy storage equipment, is becoming a unique case of Shanghai power system reform and smart grid construction.
In January of this year, Baolong Building, located on Jiujiang Road in Huangpu District, participated in the pilot operation of the virtual power plant for the eighth time. The “power generation†capacity reached 100 kW. Baolong Building is just a project of the virtual power plant in Huangpu District. So far, the largest scale of the virtual power plant has been commissioned, involving more than 50 buildings and releasing about 10,000 kilowatts of load.
Maintaining dynamic balance between power generation and power consumption is an important guarantee for the smooth operation of the power grid. In recent years, with the adjustment of Shanghai's industrial structure and the improvement of living standards, the power peaks and valleys have been increasing. In order to ensure the safety of power supply during peak hours, Shanghai Power Grid has to retain a large amount of redundant power generation capacity, resulting in waste of resources. The emergence of virtual power plants solved this problem.
Virtual Power Plant (VPP) is a special type of power plant consisting of different types of distributed energy sources. Through advanced control and communication technologies, it regards the ability of many consumers to reduce the load as a virtual output. The demand response resources are regarded as the virtual generator set of the load side access system, thus participating in the market and grid operation.
“This principle is also simple.†Dr. Yang Jianlin from the Shanghai Institute of Economic Research and Planning (hereinafter referred to as the “Assessment Centerâ€) told the author, “Taking Baolong Building as an example, during the peak season of electricity consumption in winter and summer, our system Only a certain flexible adjustment of the preset temperature of the central air conditioner on each floor of the building, the fan speed, the air supply volume, etc., can release 100 kilowatts of electricity to the grid through the reduction of the load."
At present, more than 95% of public buildings (including office buildings, shopping malls, hospitals, schools, government agencies, etc.) that meet the installation requirements in Huangpu District have realized online energy consumption monitoring. The “Shanghai Huangpu District Commercial Building Virtual Power Plant Demonstration Projectâ€, which was led by Shanghai Economic and Information Commission and Shanghai Economic Research Institute, was approved by the National Development and Reform Commission in 2016 and will be completed within three years. Completed.
Flexible load response system can “cut peak†or “fill valleyâ€â€œThe power generation principle of the office building seems to be simple, but the specific implementation is not easy. It involves the correspondence and algorithm of many power parameters and air conditioning parameters.†Dr. Yang Jianlin said, “This is the virtual power plant is more advanced than the traditional demand response resource call. The place."
Traditional demand response resource calls, such as load control platforms, are actually equivalent to an alternate peaking unit. During the peak period of power consumption, the grid dispatching department starts the platform, and issues manual load reduction commands to the protocol users, or remotely switches the power-off “off switchâ€. This method is simple and extensive, and the user experience is also poor.
The virtual power plant needs to realize flexible load control. The flexible load is flexible and variable for a certain period of time, and can achieve the purpose of reducing or increasing the load without affecting the user.
Currently, there are a wide variety of flexible loads that can participate in demand response. The Shanghai Institute of Economics and Engineering's Planning Review Center specifically studied the structural composition, working principle, parameter setting, power regulation and polymerization methods of the flexible load control system, and designed a flexible load response system. Yang Jianlin introduced, "Taking the central air-conditioning of the commercial building Baolong Building as an example, during the summer peak season, our response system relies on sophisticated information technology, through the preset temperature of the air conditioner, fan speed, air supply volume, fresh air volume. The control of dozens of characteristic parameter variables such as chilled water pump flow rate and chilled water inlet water temperature can achieve the purpose of flexible adjustment of air conditioning load without stopping the machine and affecting the user's use."
The flexible load response system not only realizes the function of 'shaving peaks', but also realizes the function of 'filling the valley'. Taking summer air-conditioning refrigeration as an example, after the system detects that the load of the power grid has entered the trough period, it uses the heat storage capacity of the air-conditioned room to automatically adjust dozens of characteristic parameter variables, increase the air-conditioning load, and store a part of the cooling capacity in advance to make electricity. The utilization of the system is increased.
Online real-time FM runs like a real “power plantâ€The core of power system operation scheduling is power balance. If the demand response resource itself has online power adjustment function, it can play a more significant system adjustment role. However, the traditional load control platform can only participate in offline peaking arrangements, and conditions and technologies are difficult to meet the requirements of the access system.
"The goal of a virtual power plant is not only to collect scattered energy data, but also to control the amount of load. Instead, like a real power plant, it can participate in system scheduling, providing peak shaving, FM auxiliary services, and electricity market transactions." Fei Fei, director of the Shanghai Economic Research Institute Evaluation Center, said, “From this perspective, Shanghai Huangpu District has unique conditions for establishing virtual power plants.â€
Huangpu District is the most densely-constructed central urban area in Shanghai. The number of large commercial buildings exceeds 200, covering an area of ​​nearly 10 million square meters. The annual electricity consumption is about 1.3 billion kWh, and the peak load is nearly 500,000 kilowatts. Building energy consumption accounts for the whole district. More than 65% of the total energy consumption is convenient for large-scale centralized control of many distributed power generation resources. As of February 28, the total number of buildings in real-time online monitoring of energy consumption in the Huangpu District, such as the Baolong Building, has exceeded 230, and the annual monitoring power consumption exceeds 1 billion kWh, accounting for the total electricity consumption in Shanghai's social sectors. 40%.
At the same time, the Shanghai Economic Research Institute Evaluation Center launched the “Design and Research of the Virtual Power Plant Centralized Operation Platform†in 2017. In January 2018, the “Research on the Standardization Construction Method of Commercial Building Virtual Power Plants in Huangpu District†was completed. This topic has carried out detailed research on the functional module design including the centralized control platform, the data association between modules, the virtual unit and EMS data exchange requirements and the platform architecture. After testing by the project acceptance team, the platform has been able to realize the function of identifying FM commands online and responding reliably like a power plant.
Currently, the project is progressing in an orderly manner. According to the plan, this year's Huangpu District of Shanghai will build a commercial building virtual power plant with an expected capacity of 50,000 kilowatts, an automatic demand response capacity of 10,000 kilowatts, a secondary frequency modulation capacity of 0.2 million kilowatts, and an annual virtual power generation running time of not less than 50 hours. The total "power generation" capacity will reach 50,000 kilowatts. According to this calculation, if other regions in Shanghai can also promote this model, it is equivalent to building a large power plant without increasing resource consumption.
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