In life, we recognize that Bai Baihe is not Wang Haodan, just a moment of lightning, but the process of brain experience at this moment makes the neuroscientists confused. In 2005, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) found an "Anniston Cell." They showed many photos to the subjects. When the famous actress who played the role of "Rachel" in "Friends" appeared, many of the subjects had the same neurons activated in their brains. Inspired by this experiment, other researchers also found "Julia Roberts Cell", "Kobe Cell" and so on.
Therefore, for many years, the academic community has suspected that the neurons responsible for face recognition in the brain are "customized" by the face. These exclusive neurons are activated by a specific face and activated by other similar faces, but there is no reaction to the face that is far away.
A recent study by the California Institute of Technology overturned this hypothesis. Neuroscientists Doris Tsao and Le Chang found that a single optic nerve cell in the cerebral cortex does not recognize the entire face, but recognizes some elements, and a series of neurons spell out the entire face like a puzzle. By decoding the signals of the monkey brain cells, they highly restored the face images seen by the monkeys. Related papers were published in the June 1 academic journal Cell.
Previously, scientists discovered a series of neurons in the cerebral cortex that were dedicated to recognizing faces. And Cao’s team began researching the “puzzle†process of these neurons a few years ago. They assume that the brain "spelles" humans by facial features such as eye size and mouth length, and tests whether these "passwords" activate facial recognition neurons. But the experimental results are "the password is incorrect."
In the end, Tsao gave up the more specific elements that humans could think of, and changed the computer to find the password for face recognition. By analyzing a set of 200 computer-adjusted live-action photos, the computer gives 50 mathematical dimensions that describe the differences between faces. These parameters are not a simple description of a specific facial organ, half of which is related to shape, such as the distance between two eyes or the width of the hairline, and the other half involves skin color, cortex and other elements.
Subsequently, the researchers implanted the electrodes into the brains of two macaques, allowing the macaques to view human face photos that differed around the 50 dimensions, and monitored the different responses of 205 facial recognition neurons in the macaque's brain to these 50 dimensions. . The researchers decoded the millions of feedbacks obtained and got the specific meaning of each feedback.
"We cracked the brain password for face recognition," Tsao said. These differently-divided neurons analyze the face from different angles, and the resulting information is brought together to create a complete face. This process is similar to the police's description of the crime according to the witness's description. The appearance of the suspect.
On this basis, they highly restored the face image seen by the monkey by decoding the signal of the monkey brain nerve cells. When the researchers mixed the original images into 40 images and asked the subjects to find the one that best matched the restored image, the probability of the subject pointing to the original image was 80%.
In addition, the researchers have experimentally proved that these neurons are activated by the dimensions they presuppose, but do not respond to changes in other dimensions. That is to say, if you look at two faces that look very different to the macaque, and the faces are similar in the dimensions preset by the neurons, then the responses of these neurons are the same. Tsao explains this phenomenon through a metaphor: if a cell is activated by red, its response to orange and purple will be the same.
This is the first time humans have used a complete and concise narrative to describe the process by which primate brains recognize faces. Next, Tsao's team will turn to the temporal part of the brain to verify that the brain encodes everyday objects and everyday scenes with similar "passwords."
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